INTRODUCTION:

One of the greatest discovery of the mankind is the computer and one of the greatest invention of humankind is the computer science and artificial intelligence. The present and future research in this development is awesome in particular on Brain Computer side. Basically scientists are interested in order to develop various computational modeling’s and using those modeling’s scientists would like to develop a new concept called Blue Brain. Let us see the startling preparation this newer and exciting research. However, it all began when the AI programming started a back by Alan Turing at university of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UIMST), Manchester, United Kingdom. The goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to build machines that normally requiring human intelligence [1]. For instance, driving an automobile require artificial intelligence knowledge. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study of how to make computers do things which at the movement people do better [2].

AI is now well advanced field. In this field there are many sub fields, such as computer vision (CVN), Natural language processing (NLP), Natural language generation (NLG), natural language translation (NLT), natural language understanding (NLU) ,natural language processing (NLP) - machine translation/ perception/ intelligence, neural networks (NN) - Neural computing, Neural systems and rehabilitation engineering. Brain signal processing, computational neuroscience and cognitive system and there are a number of other sub fields in this prestigious subject.

Recently the international business machine (IBM) developed a virtual brain concept known as Blue Brain (BBN) technology. Indeed it is one of the world’s first virtual brain concept. With this technology what we do is, we scan the live brain-regular activities of mind into the computers. It can be said that virtual brain is as a artificial brain. It is , however not the natural real human brain but it acts as the real brain. It can think like a human being and can take the decisions based on the experience like natural brain.

Intelligence is involved in accordance with the action, cognition, emotion, thought, perception and motor controls but not the created one. We, the human society needs intelligence for our daily complicated problem solving such as understanding the natural language, game playing, theorem proving more experts tasks: medical diagnosis, engineering development. Design of Plant layouts-an airplane in a wind tunnel etc. Human brain is a physical entity where as human mind is conscious which we can call logical entity. When a human being die the intelligence is dead along with the physical body and there is no activity. The virtual brain is a solution to overcome this task. This concept allows to copy or transfer all the contents of human brain into virtual brain possibly by using an advanced high-end computer machine with the gigantic/ immense of storage capacity. The machine processing power and an embedded interface between the human and artificial/ modeled brain. It is well known that human brain contains more than one hundred billions of neurons that are connected by dendrites and axons which looks like wiring. It processes information by sending the electrical signals from neuron to neuron along these wires. It may be mentioned here that, each neuron sends impulses (direct-delta functions) to many other neurons called “DIVERGENCY”. Similarly each neurons receives impulses from many other neurons called “CONVERGENCY”.

A block diagram of the real neuron and an artificial neuron can be seen in figures in 1 and 2.

Fig 1

Fig 2

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The work in this research involves – focuses on studying about the slices of live brain tissue. By using microscope and patch clamp electrodes many different types of neurons data is collected. It is used to build realistic models and networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex. From August 2012 onwards the largest simulations are of micro circuits containing around 00 cortical columns and those simulations involve approximately 1 million neurons and 1 billion synapses which is similar to a honey bee. The estimated neocortical simulation in rat brain is approximately 21 million neurons which will be achieved by the end of 2014. ANN research has experienced three periods of extensive activity. The first peak in the 1940s was due to McCulloch and Pitts pioneering work. The second occurred in the year 1960s with Rosenblatt’s perceptron convergence theorem and Minsky Paperts work showing the limitations of a simple perceptron.

Blue brain – A subway to AI

Blue Brain is the name of the world's first virtual brain. A Virtual machine is one that can function as, a very appropriate application of an Artificial Intelligence human brain. Reverse engineering is a foremost concept of implementing the human brain and recreate it at the cellular level inside a complete simulation. The four major motivations behind the Blue Brain Technology are treatment of brain disfunctioning, scientific curiosity about consciousness and human mind, a bottom up approach towards building thinking machine and databases of all neuroscientific research results and related past stories. There are three main steps to build the virtual brain are data acquisition, simulation and visualization of results. The mission is undertaking the Blue Brain technology is to gather all existing knowledge of the brain, raise the global research efficiency of reverse engineering and to build a complete theoretical framework.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

The main aim is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think and take decisions without any effort. After the death of the man, the virtual brain will act as man. Even after the death of a person we will not lose the knowledge, intelligence, personality, feelings and memories of that person which can be used for the development of the human society which will be new discovery and a new bonanza.

MATERIALS, METHODS AND DESIGN TECHNIQUES:

METHODOLOGY:

First, it is helpful to describe the basic manners in which a person may be uploaded into a computer. Raymond Kurzweil describes both invasive and noninvasive techniques. The most promising is the use of tiny robots, or nano-robots. Those robots will be small but good enough to travel throughout our circulatory systems. Traveling into the spine and brain, they will be able to monitor the activity and structure of our central nervous system. They will be able to provide an interface with computers that is as close as our mind that can be still reside in our biological form. Nanobots could also carefully scan the structure of our brain, providing a complete read out of the connections between each neuron. They would also record the current state of the brain. This information, when entered into a computer, could then continue to function like humans. All that is required is a computer with large enough storage space and processing speed.

System generating consciousness facts:

A system capable enough to generate facts related to consciousness is going to be very complicated to recreate. The system can have five components: An organizational memory that is a large memory of facts, knowledge, rules and events where anything coming from this memory is systematically adapted to the current context. Such a memory in not knowledge base but is a continuous dynamic interpretation of knowledge. Artificial neural networks are composed of interconnecting artificial neurons, programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons

The Self Adaptive system

A self-adaptive system is a system composed of a rational substratum and of a sub-system of representation of the current situation, controlling the substratum and formed of entities having the capacity of adaptive reorganization. The part of the self-adaptive system that will produce representations and will use emotions will be composed of two distinct parts, as the brain in the body: a substrate sub-system and a specific component that represents the situation and emotions at a time.

A number of methods have however been suggested to carry out mind transfers. They are

1. Serial Sectioning, 2. Brain Imaging, 3. Cyborging, 4. Nanotechnology

In Brain Imaging we can easily identify the activities and problems within the human brain by the following methodologies – cutting edge technologies and techniques:

a) FMRI – Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

b) CT- Computed Tomography

c) PET- Positron Emission Tomography and SPECT.

d) EEG- Electroencephalography

e) MEG- Magneto encephalography

f) NIRS- Near Infrared spectroscopy.

We therefore, propose some of the above techniques, develop algorithms and make amendments and then incorporate into the system and then finally implement.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The primary software used by blue brain project for neural simulations is a package called NEURON. It was developed in the 1990s by Michael Hines and written in C/C++/FROTRAN. RT Neuron takes the output from Hodgkin-Huxley simulations in neuron and render then in 3D. This allow researchers to watch as activation potentials propagate through neuron and between neurons.

RT Neuron

RT Neuron is the main application that Blue Brain Project uses for visualization of neural simulations. The BBP team developed this software internally. It is coded using C++ and OpenGL. RT Neuron is an ad-hoc software written specifically for neural simulations, i.e. it can’t generalized to other kinds of simulation. RT Neuron takes the output from Hodgkin-Huxley simulations as input in NEURON and delivers them in 3D. This allows the programmers and researchers to view as activation potentials propagate through or between neurons. The animations can be paused, stopped, started and zoomed, hence allowing the researchers to interact with the model. The visualizations are multi-scale (they can render individual neurons or a whole cortical column).

Fig: Visualization of RT Neuron

Fig 3. Visualization of Neuron

JuQUEEN

JuQUEEN is an IBM Blue Gene/Q supercomputer that was installed at the Jülich Research Center in Germany in May 2012. It currently performs at 1.6 peta flops and was ranked the world's 8th fastest supercomputer in June 2012. It's likely that this machine will be used for BBP simulations starting in 2013, provided funding is granted via the Human Brain Project. In October 2012 the supercomputer is due to be expanded with additional racks. It is not known exactly how many racks or what the final processing speed will be. The JuQUEEN machine is also to be used by the research initiative. This aims to develop a three-dimensional, realistic model of the human brain.

Fig 4: JuQUEEN Supercomputer in Germany

Workflow of Neuron

The simulation step involves synthesizing virtual cells using the algorithms that were found to describe real neurons. The algorithms and parameters are adjusted for the age, species, and disease stage of the animal being simulated. Every single protein is simulated, and there are about a billion of these in one cell. First a network skeleton is built from all the different kinds of synthesized neurons. Then the cells are connected together according to the r ules that have been found experimentally. Finally the neurons are functionalized and the simulation brought to life. The patterns of emergent behavior are viewed with visualization software.

A basic unit of the cerebral cortex is the cortical column. Each column can be mapped to one function, e.g. in rats one column is devoted to each whisker. A rat cortical column has about 10,000 neurons and is about the size of a pinhead. The latest simulations, as of November 2011, contain about 100 columns, 1 million neurons, and 1 billion synapses. A real life rat has about 100,000 columns in total, and humans have around 2 million. Techniques are being developed for multiscale simulation whereby active parts of the brain are simulated in great detail while quiescent parts are not so detailed.

Every two weeks a column model is run. The simulations reproduce observations that are seen in living neurons. Emergent properties are seen that they require larger and larger networks. The plan is to build a generalized simulation tool, one that makes it easy to build circuits. There are also plans to couple the brain simulations to avatars living in a virtual environment, and eventually also to robots interacting with the real world. The ultimate aim is to be able to understand and reproduce human consciousness

conclusion:

we will be able to transfer ourselves into computers and understand about the processing of Neocortical information. NN also contributes the area of research on Neurology and psychology. We can estimate the size of the sample with transfer functions, weights adjust algorithms. We can also apply them to pattern recognition, monitoring and debugging, diagnosis and also for the Bio-Medical signal processing.

REFERENCES:

1. Nils J Nilson, “Problem Solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence”, McGraw Hill Publications, Computer Science series, International student edition, 1989

2. Elain Ritch, “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence”, McGraw Hill Publi, 1991

3. Blue Brain Nakul Ghimire , Mr. Fahad Iqbal (Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (202-207), Month: April-June 2014)

4. Blue Brain Technology(Volume: 3 Issue: 1 26-Jun-2014,ISSN_NO: 2321-3337) G. Kohila, J. Jaresiah

5. Blue Brain - The Future Generation Siva Kumar Avula , Vedrucha S Pakale and Sheetal V Kashid (Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013)

6. Fourth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), 2014, 7-9 April 2014, Pp: 1106 - 1109

Received on 11.11.2014 Accepted on 20.12.2014

Int. J. Tech. 4(2): July-Dec. 2014; Page 287-290